There are many causes for seizing in dogs: ingesting poison, liver disease, low or high blood sugar, kidney disease, electrolyte problems, anaemia, head injury, encephalitis, strokes, and brain cancer, among others. In this article, we will discuss the most common, and probably least understood: idiopathic epilepsy.

This is a specific term referring to a seizure disorder that has no identifiable cause. It is also referred to as genetic or congenital epilepsy. The terms “epilepsy,” “seizure,” “fit” or “convulsion” all mean the same thing: the physical manifestation of a sudden, excessive electrical discharge of neurons in the brain, which results in a series of involuntary contractions of the voluntary muscles, abnormal sensations, abnormal behaviours, or some combination of these events. The clinical signs can vary but include the following:

• twitching in one part of the face;
• falling to the side;
• shaking;
• vocalising;
• urinating or defecating; and
• paddling limbs.

Seizures usually appear suddenly and end spontaneously and can last from seconds to minutes.

What should you do if your pet has a seizure. Here is some advice:

First, do not panic. Siezures are treatable.

Second, time the seizure. Actually look at a clock or watch and note the time. Although it may seem like forever, it may only be thirty seconds.

Third, keep your pet from hurting himself by moving furniture away from the immediate area. Also protect him from water, stairs, and other sharp objects. If possible, place a pillow under his head to prevent head trauma.

Fourth, note what type of muscular activity or abnormal behaviour your pet shows during the seizures. Your vet may want you to keep a record of the date and length of time of each seizure.

Fifth, do not put your hand in your dog’s mouth. Pets do not swallow their tongues and you risk getting bitten by getting too close to the mouth. Do not put spoons or any other object into your pet’s mouth.

Sixth, keep children and other pets away from your seizing animal.

Seventh, remain at your pet’s side. Stroke and comfort your animal so that, when he comes out of the seizure, you are there to calm him.

Once the seizing ceases, carefully observe your pet’s post-seizure behaviour. Do not allow your pet access to the stairs until he is fully recovered. Offer water if he wishes to drink. Be prepared for vocalisation and stumbling after the seizure ends. You need to be strong and offer support and comfort to your pet. He will be confused and may feel as though he did something wrong. Speak softly and with a soothing voice.

Here are some signs to look for that require immediate veterinary attention:

• seizures that last longer than five minutes;
• seizures that occur more than twice in a 24-hour time period; and
• seizures that begin before your pet has completely recovered from the previous seizure.

Diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy must be given by a qualified vet. By definition, idiopathic epilepsy is a seizure disorder with no known cause. However, it is important for your veterinarian to determine your pet’s general health to make sure there is no underlying disease that may be causing the seizures. Your vet will take a detailed history and perform a complete physical and neurological examination and run blood tests.

The goal of treatment is to reduce the severity and frequency of the seizures while avoiding unnecessary side effects. The treatment is then lifelong and drug levels are routinely checked to make sure the dose remains correct.